Seeking to Do What’s Best for Baby: A Grounded Theory
Main Article Content
Abstract
The purpose of this classic grounded theory study was to develop a theory of how rural breastfeeding women respond to their main concern associated with exclusive breastfeeding. Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for infants through the first six months of life. Mothers living in rural U.S. communities exclusively breastfeed less frequently than their urban counterparts. The theory Seeking to Do What’s Best for Baby emerged from the data and describes the process that mothers work through to do what is best for their baby. The theory consists of a temporal three-stage process: pre-pregnancy nescience, working through, and succeeding or surrendering. The process is influenced by evolving internal conditions and basic social processes which account for the variation in the pattern of behavior. The results of this study begin to fill the gap in knowledge about the choices made by mothers to exclusively breastfeed to six months or to end exclusive breastfeeding.
Downloads
Article Details
The Grounded Theory Review is an open-access journal, which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the international Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) definition of open access.
References
Ahluwalia, I. B., Morrow, B., D’Angelo, D., & Li, R. (2012). Maternity care practices and breastfeeding experiences of women in different racial and ethnic groups: Pregnancy Risk Assessment and Monitoring System (PRAMS). Maternal Child Health Journal, 16,1672-1678. doi:10.1007/s10995-011-0871-0
Allen, J. A., Perrine, C. G., & Scanlon, K. S. (2015). Breastfeeding supportive hospital practices in the US differ by county urbanization level. Journal of Human Lactation, 31(3), 440-443. doi:10.1177/0890334415578440
American Academy of Pediatrics Policy. (2012). Breastfeeding the use of human milk (Policy statement). Pediatrics, 129(3), e827-e841. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-3552
Arts, M., Geelhoed, D., De Schacht, C., Prosser, W., Alons, C., & Pedro, A. (2011). Knowledge, beliefs, and practices regarding exclusive breastfeeding of infant younger than 6 months in Mozambique: A qualitative study. Journal of Human Lactation, 27(1), 25-32. doi:10.1177/0890334410390039
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Breastfeeding Report Card – United States – 2014. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/pdf/2014breastfeedingreportcard.pdf
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care (mPINC) Survey. Retrieved fromhttp://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/mpinc/
Baby-Friendly USA. (2012). The ten steps to successful breastfeeding. Retrieved from http://www.babyfriendlyusa.org/about-us/baby-friendly-hospital-initiative/the-ten-steps
Duggan, M., Lenhart, A., Lampe, C., & Ellison, N. B. (2015). Parents and social media. Pew Research Center, 1-37. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/07/16/parents-and-social-media/
Fahs, P. S., Pribulick, M., Williams, I. C., James, G. D., Rovnak, V., & Seibold-Simpson, S. M. (2012). Promoting heart health in rural women. The Journal of Rural Health, 29,248-258. doi:10.1111/j.1748-0361.2012.00442.x
Faupel-Badger, J. M., Arcaro, K. F., Balkam, J. J., Eliassen, H., Hassiotou, F., Lebrilla, C. B.,… Sherman, M. E. (2012). Postpartum remodeling, lactation, and breast cancer risk: Summary of a National Cancer Institute-sponsored workshop. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 105(3), 166-174. doi:10.1093/jnci/djs505
Figueroa, J. D., Linville, L., Brinton, L.A., Patel, D., Clare, S. E., Visscher, D., … Sherman, M. E. (2012). Breast cancer risk factor associations with breast tissue morphometry:
Results from the Komen for the Cure Tissue Bank. Paper presented at the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting, Chicago,IL. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4465
Glaser, B. G. (1998). Doing grounded theory: Issues and discussions. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
Glaser, B. G., & Holton, J. (2004). Remodeling grounded theory. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 5(2), Art.4. Retrieved from http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/607/1315#g36
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. New York, NY: Aldine Publishing Co.
Goodman, L. R., Majee, W., Olsberg, J. E., & Jefferson, U. T. (2016). Breastfeeding barriers and support in a rural setting. Journal of Maternal Child Nursing, 41(2), 98-103. doi:10.1097/NMC.0000000000000212
Herndon, C. (2014). Breastfeeding Intention and Initiation among Rural, Low-Income Native American and African American Adolescent Mothers in North Carolina: Testing the Theory of Planned Behavior (doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from UMI Dissertation Publishing. (UMI Number: 3624909).
Hjalmhult, E., & Lomborg, K. (2012). Managing the first period at home with a newborn: A grounded theory study of mothers’ experiences. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 26, 654-662. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6712.2012.00974.x
Hohl, S., Thompson, B., Escareno, M., & Duggan, C. (2016). Cultural norms in conflict: breastfeeding among Hispanic immigrants in rural Washington State. Maternal Child Health Journal, 1-9. doi:10.1007/s10995-016-1954-8
Ip, S., Chung, M., Raman, G., Chew, P., Magula, N., DeVine, D. . . . Lau, J. (2007). Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries. (Report/Technology Assessment, No. 153. AHRQ Publication No. 07-E007). Rockville, MD: Agency for Health care Research and Quality.
Kramer, M. S., & Kakuma, R. (2012). Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8, 1–131. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003517.pub2
McClure, C. K., Catov, J. M., Ness, R. B., & Bimla Schwarz, E. (2012). Lactation and maternal subclinical cardiovascular disease among premenopausal women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 207(1), 46.e1–46.e8. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2012.04.030
MacVicar, S., Kirkpatrick, P., Humphrey, T., & Forbes-McKay, K. E. (2015). Supporting breastfeeding establishment among socially disadvantaged women: A meta- synthesis. Birth, 42(4), 290-298. doi:10.1111/birt.12180
Newman, M. A., Smith, M. C., Pharris, M. D., & Jones, D. (2008). The focus of the discipline revisited. Advances in Nursing Science, 31(1), e16-e27. doi:10.1097/01.ANS.0000311533.65941.f1.
Nor, B., Ahlberg, B. M., Doherty, T., Zembe, Y., Jackson, D., & Ekstrom, E. (2001). Mother’s perception and experiences of infant feeding within a community-based peer counselling intervention in South Africa. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 8, 448-458. doi:10.1111/j.1740-8709.2011.00332.x
Sheehan, A., Schmied. V., & Barclay, L. (2013). Exploring the process of women’s infant feeding decisions in the early postbirth period. Qualitative Health Research, 23(7), 989-998. doi:10.1177/1049732313490075
Stuebe, A. M. (2009). The risks of not breastfeeding for mothers and infants. Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2(4), 222–231. doi:10.3909/riog0093
Stuebe, A. M., & Schwarz, E. B. (2010). The risks and benefits of infant feeding practices for women and their children. Journal of Perinatology, 30, 155-162. doi:10.1038/jp.2009.107
Taylor, J. S., Kacmar, J. E., Nothnagle, M., & Lawrence, R. A. (2005). A systematic review of the literature associating breastfeeding with type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes. The Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 24(5), 320-326. Retrieved from http://www.jacn.org/content/24/5/320.full.pdf+html
Thet, M. M., Khaing, E. E., Diamond-Smith, N., Sudinaraset, M., Oo, S., & Aung, T. (2016). Barriers to exclusive breastfeeding in the Ayeyarwaddy region in Myanmar: Qualitative findings from mothers, grandmothers, and husbands. Appetite, 96, 62- 69. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.08.044
UNICEF. (2005). The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. Nutrition. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/index_24806.html
U.S. Census Bureau. (2015). Urban and rural classification. Geography. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/urban-rural.html
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [HHS], Health Resources and Services Administration [HRSA], Maternal and Child Health Bureau [MCHB]. (2013a).
Women’s Health USA 2012. Rockville, Maryland: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from http://www.mchb.hrsa.gov/whusa12/more/downloads/pdf/whusa12.pdf
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [HHS], Health Resources and Services Administration [HRSA], Maternal and Child Health Bureau [MCHB]. (2013b). Child’s
Health USA 2012. Rockville, Maryland: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from http://mchb.hrsa.gov/publications/pdfs/childhealth2012.pdf
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration. (2015). The health and well-being of children in rural areas: A portrait of the nation, 2011-2012. Rockville, Maryland: U.S. Department of Health